Mary C. Zanarini, EdD
Director, Laboratory for the Study of Adult Development
- Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry
Biography
Mary C. Zanarini, EdD, began her career studying the phenomenology and etiology of borderline personality disorder (BPD), finding that it is a valid psychiatric disorder that has a clear-cut clinical presentation, can be delimited from other near-neighbor disorders, runs in families, and has a problematic short-term course. She also was the first to find that patients with BPD report high levels of childhood adversity. However, her research in this area strongly suggests that childhood sexual abuse is neither necessary nor sufficient for the development of BPD.
Dr. Zanarini is currently principal investigator of the McLean Study of Adult Development or MSAD—an NIMH-funded study of the long-term course of BPD now entering its 24th year. This study has changed the view of BPD from a chronic disorder to the serious mental illness with the best symptomatic prognosis. Dr. Zanarini is also the principal investigator of an NIMH-funded, internet-based randomized controlled trial of an early form of treatment for BPD: psychoeducation. Results suggest that learning the latest information about BPD can reduce symptom severity and improve psychosocial functioning over a year of follow-up.
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) involves maladaptive symptoms or traits in affect, cognition, behavior, and interpersonal relationships. Led by Dr. Zanarini and founded in 1994, the Laboratory for the Study of Adult Development’s team of clinician-scientists include some of the world’s leading experts on BPD.
Dr. Zanarini’s group was integral to the validation of BPD as a psychiatric disorder, meaning that it can be differentiated from other disorders, it runs in families, it has a known treatment response, its biological underpinnings are identifiable, and it has a known course and prognosis. Their work has also led to a now widely held theory of the etiology of BPD: that those with BPD have a vulnerable temperament or a hyperbolic temperament that is exacerbated by childhood or adulthood adversity.
Since 1992, the McLean Study of Adult Development (MSAD) has followed almost 300 individuals diagnosed with BPD. This naturalistic, prospective study has revealed much higher rates of symptomatic improvement and a substantially lower suicide rate than was previously believed. A more guarded prognosis has been found in two areas, difficulty finding and keeping full-time work and physical health problems such as smoking-related illnesses and obesity. However, taken together the results from this study have led to a profound shift in how BPD is understood and perceived. Formerly regarded as chronic and untreatable, this condition has since become recognized as the serious mental illness (SMI) with the best symptomatic prognosis.
In a now complete randomized trial of psychoeducation for BPD—which used a web-based program for both instruction about BPD and the assessment of acute and long-term outcomes—Dr. Zanarini aimed to determine if this is an effective form of early treatment for this disorder. Preliminary analyses indicate that those in the treatment group showed greater symptomatic improvement than controls in both the acute and maintenance phases of the study.
In a study of DNA and borderline personality disorder, Dr. Zanarini assesses several genomic biomarkers across three prospective, longitudinal time points: candidate SNPs and polygenic risk scores from GWAS analyses of BPD and cross-disorder comorbidity studies; whole genome methylation; and telomere length.
The goal of the lab’s fMRI study is to assess whether the emotional dysregulation characteristic of those with borderline personality disorder is more strongly related to a “bottom up” problem or a “top down” problem in brain functioning.
The McLean/Mount Sinai Study of Child and Adolescent Development compares 104 hospitalized boys and girls with BPD to 60 psychiatrically healthy adolescents on a wide variety of parameters such as borderline psychopathology, co-occurring disorders, psychosocial functioning, childhood adversity, protective experiences, and temperament.
Clinical trials of medications for borderline personality disorder have evaluated the effectiveness of five psychotropic medications or nutraceuticals (omega-3 fatty acids) via double-blind placebo or comparator-controlled trials for BPD. The lab’s research found that all medications reduced key symptoms moderately but that none were curative.
Dr. Zanarini has developed some of the most widely used diagnostic scales for diagnosing BPD, and the most widely used instrument for assessing the evolution of symptoms over time. Additionally, a screening measure for BPD has been developed.
The McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD) is a 10-item, self-report screening measure for BPD. A score of seven or higher indicates possible BPD and that further assessment is needed to determine if someone actually has BPD.
The Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV/5 Personality Disorders (DIPD-IV/5), a semi-structured interview, was designed to assess the presence of each of the 12 personality disorders described in DSM-IV/5. Like the DIB-R, it has a two-year time frame. It is arranged into 12 sections so that all of the questions for a particular disorder are placed together.
The semi-structured Childhood Interview for DSM-IV/5 Borderline Personality Disorder (CI-BPD) assesses DSM-IV/5 BPD in adolescents ages 13-17. It has also been used in younger children.
The Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB-R), a semi-structured interview of 140 questions, was specifically developed to discriminate borderline patients from patients with other personality disorders. It is based on Dr. John Gunderson’s original Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines, has a two-year time frame, and assesses 22 areas of borderline symptomatology categorically. It also provides five continuous measures of borderline psychopathology: four section scores (affective, cognitive, impulsive, and interpersonal) and the total DIB-R score.
There are two versions of the Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder (ZAN-BPD)—both of which were developed for use in treatment trials and both of which assess the severity of borderline psychopathology over time. The original version is a clinician-administered interview using a five-point anchored rating scale for each of the nine criteria for BPD described in DSM-IV/5. More recently, Dr. Zanarini’s group has developed a self-report version of the ZAN-BPD (the ZAN-BPD-SRV), which also uses a five-point anchored rating scale for each of the nine criteria for BPD described in DSM-IV/5.
- D. Bradford Reich, MD, Senior Investigator
- Shaunna Berkovitch, PhD, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Robert Biskin MD, McGill University, Canada
- Garrett M. Fitzmaurice, ScD, McLean Hospital
- Laura Germine, PhD, McLean Hospital
- Marianne Goodman, MD, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
- Timothy Hale, PhD, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Christopher Hopwood, PhD, Michigan State University
- Susanne Hörz-Sagstetter, PhD, University of Berlin, Germany
- James I. Hudson, MD, ScD, SM, McLean Hospital
- Kristin N. Javaras, DPhil, PhD, McLean Hospital
- Esen Karan, MSc, City University of New York
- Laura Magni, PhD, University of Brescia, Italy
- Eduardo Martino, MD, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Isabella Niesten, MSc, University of Maastrict, Holland
- Diego A. Pizzagalli, PhD, McLean Hospital
- David Plant, MD, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine
- Kerry J. Ressler, MD, PhD, McLean Hospital
- Marie Elena Ridolfi, MD, University of Bologna, Italy
- Carla Sharp, PhD, University of Houston
- Jordan Smoller, MD, ScD, Massachusetts General Hospital
Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Reich DB, Silk KR, Hudson JI, McSweeney LB. The subsyndromal phenomenology of borderline personality disorder: A 10-year follow-up study. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2007;164:929-935.
Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Reich DB, Fitzmaurice, G. Time-to-attainment of recovery from borderline personality disorder and its stability: A 10-year prospective follow-up study. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2010;167:663-667.
Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Reich DB, Fitzmaurice G. Attainment and stability of sustained symptomatic remission and recovery among borderline patients and axis II comparison subjects: A 16-year prospective follow-up study. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2012;169:476-83.
Books
Borderline Personality Disorder
Mary C. Zanarini, editor
(Taylor & Francis, 2005)
The Role of Sexual Abuse in the Etiology of Borderline Personality Disorder
Edited by Mary C. Zanarini, EdD
(American Psychiatric Press, 1996)
Education & Training
- 1978 AB, Harvard College
- 1979 EdM, Harvard Graduate School of Education
- 1987 EdD, Harvard Graduate School of Education
- 1987-1988 Clinical and Research Fellow, McLean Hospital
- 1992 Psychologist, Board of Registration of Psychologists, Commonwealth of Massachusetts